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	Kim Jong-un

Pyongyang awarded its second-highest military title, marshal, to new leader Kim Jong-un, accelerating the process of consolidating the young leader’s power.

The North’s official state media - Korean Central Television, the Korean Central News Agency and the Pyongyang Broadcasting Station - yesterday issued an “important announcement” at noon signaled in advance by news alerts.

“A decision was made to award the title of marshal to Kim Jong-un, supreme commander of the Korean People’s Army,” the Korean Central News Agency said in a report.

His promotion came in the middle of a surprise military reshuffle reportedly led by the ruling Workers’ Party and Kim.

Ri Yong-ho, the high-profile chief of the general staff of the North Korean army, suddenly lost all his posts on Sunday. Two days later, a little-known four-star general, Hyon Yong-chol, was promoted to vice marshal, raising speculation that he might replace Ri.

The highest military rank, grand marshal, has been bestowed on only two people: North Korea’s founding leader Kim Il Sung and his son and successor Kim Jong-il.

The former was given the title in 1992, two years before he died. Kim Jong-il was named grand marshal in February, two months after he died.

Aside from members of the Kim dynasty, three other men have been named marshal in the past. Two of them, former Japanese guerrilla fighters with founder Kim Il Sung, have died. Ri Eul-sol, a 91-year-old former guerilla and bodyguard of Kim Il Sung, is alive.

Kim Jong-un’s promotion is reminiscent of his father’s, according to Kim Min-seok, spokesman of the National Defense Ministry of South Korea.

“The late leader Kim Jong-il was awarded the title ‘supreme commander’ in 1991, and a year after, he was given the rank of ‘marshal,’?” Kim said. “Jong-un was promoted to supreme commander in 2011 and became a marshal within a year.”

Jong-un was made a four-star general in September 2010 during a ruling party conference. Technically, in order to become a marshal, he should have been given the rank of vice marshal first, but he skipped that step.

The regime currently has 21 four-star generals and nine vice marshals, including the newly promoted Hyon.

Analysts said Kim is trying to strengthen his grip on the military with his promotion.

“In such a sensitive situation, when the dismissal of Ri Yong-ho could trigger turmoil in the military, the regime is trying to stabilize Kim’s control over the army,” Cheong Seong-cheang, a senior fellow at the Sejong Institute, said. “The rank of marshal that he was awarded yesterday is a bit different from what the others have been given. Pyongyang called it ‘marshal of the DPRK [the acronym for the full name of North Korea]’ not just of the military, which means he is the top military official controlling the whole nation.”

Kim Yeon-chul, a professor at the Department of Korean Unification of Inje University, said that Jong-un is apparently widening the power of the ruling party and curbing that of the military.

“Under former leader Kim Jong-il, the military was strong because of his Songun or ‘military first’ policy,” Kim said. “Ri Yong-ho played a pivotal role in stabilizing the rule of the young leader during the sensitive succession period, but Kim doesn’t need him any more. Kim wants to boost the local economy, and to do that, he needs to rein in the powerful military first.”

The regime’s priority will not be “military first” but “party first,” he added. “Personnel matters will be dealt with by the two political heavyweights, Kim’s uncle Jang Song-thaek and General Political Bureau Chief Choe Ryong-hae.”

By Kim Hee-jin [heejin@joongang.co.kr ]

Source : http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2956470&cloc=joongangdaily|home|top

SHIRLEY GRIFFITH: This is SCIENCE IN THE NEWS in VOA Special English. I’m Shirley Griffith.
 
BOB DOUGHTY: And I’m Bob Doughty. Today, we will talk about diet and weight loss. Exercise is important if you want to get in good shape. But experts say exercise alone is not enough if your goal is to lose weight.
 
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SHIRLEY GRIFFITH: It is that time of year again! Warm weather has returned to Earth’s northern hemisphere. Summer is a time when people of all ages feel like getting their swimwear and going to the nearest swimming pool or seashore. But first, there is that troublesome little thing called winter weight gain. Many of us gain weight because of inactivity during the winter.
 
Some people go to extremes to lose that extra weight before going to the beach. In the weight loss industry, there is never a lack of ideas about how to lose weight. Consider the sleeping beauty diet, where you sleep your way to weight loss. You cannot eat if you are sleeping, or so the theory goes. Then there is the tapeworm diet. The tapeworm is said to help people lose weight by eating the food that is stored in their stomach. But first you have to be willing to swallow the little creature. This may be more trouble than many people want.
 
Strange, new diets, treatments and exercise programs arrive on the market every day. Each one promises to help people lose weight and get a beach beautiful body. The weight loss industry takes in billions of dollars each year, and it is growing.

BOB DOUGHTY: One research company says the weight loss business will be worth more than five hundred eighty billion dollars worldwide by the year twenty fourteen. MarketsandMarkets also says the food and drink market represents the largest part of that growth. It is expected to reach more than three hundred fifty five billion dollars by twenty fourteen.
 
There is a seemingly endless supply of ideas about how to lose weight. There are low-carbohydrate diets and low-fat diets, diets that limit calories and ones that let you eat as much as you want. And, there are thousands of different kinds of diet pills and programs. So where does one begin? Which one is best?
 
SHIRLEY GRIFFITH: Experts say there is no single diet plan that works best for everyone. Many experts agree on one thing: that to lose weight, you must use or burn off more calories than you take in. When you eat more calories than your body needs, it stores that extra energy as fat.
 
Calories are a measure of energy in food. A pound of fat is equal to about four hundred fifty three grams or three thousand five hundred calories. To lose that fat in a week, you have to burn off at least that amount in calories or eat that much less. The best thing to do is to combine both ideas. Eat fewer calories and increase physical activity so that you burn off more.
 
America’s National Institutes of Health has suggested that women limit calories to no less than one thousand two hundred calories a day without medical supervision. It also says men should have no less than one thousand five hundred calories. Debate continues about the best way to fill those calorie requirements.
 
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BOB DOUGHTY: For years, eating a diet low in fat was said to be the best way to lose weight. A low-fat diet is one in which less than thirty percent of a person’s daily calorie intake comes from fat.
 
Dean Ornish developed one of the most popular low fat diets after years of research on ways to control heart disease. His dietary ideas were first published in the medical journal The Lancet in nineteen ninety. The Ornish diet plan became more popular in nineteen ninety-three with the release of his book “Eat More, Weigh Less.”
 
Dr. Ornish studied the effects of carbohydrates – one of the most important sources of energy for the body. He found that carbohydrates were not to blame for making people fat. Instead, he said, fat makes people fat. He noted that a baked potato is not high in fat, but it becomes fatty when people add sour cream and butter to it.
 
Dr. Ornish’s diet plan limits daily calories from fat to less than ten percent, with little to no saturated fat or cholesterol. He also suggested that people get seventy to seventy-five percent of their calories from complex carbohydrates, and fifteen to twenty percent from proteins.
 

The screen on a personal digital assistant displays a calorie counter

​​SHIRLEY GRIFFITH: Like other low-fat diets, the Ornish plan suggests that people eat diets high in whole grains, fruits, vegetables, beans and other legumes. The plan advises people to avoid all meat and meat products, and to stay away from oils, nuts and seeds. It does not limit the number of calories people eat. But, eating the foods suggested by the diet plan would reduce the number of calories.
 
The Ornish diet has proved to be effective for many people. However, critics say it lets dieters eat too many carbohydrates while setting restrictions on calories from fat. They also say the changes required in eating habits may be too extreme for many people to follow.
 
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BOB DOUGHTY: Unlike the Ornish diet, low carbohydrate diets limit foods that are high in carbohydrates. These diets advise people to avoid things like white flour, pasta, rice, potatoes and foods high in sugar. Instead they suggest that people eat foods that are high in proteins and fats. These include foods like meat, fish, chicken, eggs, cheese and nuts.
 
The Atkins diet is one of the most popular of these diets. It suggests that people eat fewer than twenty grams of carbohydrates a day. This amount is slowly increased to forty to between forty and one hundred grams of carbohydrates a day to keep the weight off.

SHIRLEY GRIFFITH: Both weight loss plans have been carefully studied over the years. But, no one plan has come out as a clear winner. In two thousand eight, a study in the New England Journal of Medicine found low-carb diets to be the best at providing the most weight loss. The study was led by researchers at the Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston and Ben Gurion University in Israel.
 
The researchers studied more than three hundred obese patients who followed one of three diet plans. These included a low-fat diet, a low-carb diet and a Mediterranean diet, which is made up of fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, olive oil and nuts.
 
BOB DOUGHTY: A similar study published a year later looked at more than eight hundred dieters. The study found that low fat diets and high fat diets were equally successful at providing and maintaining weight loss over a two year period. The researchers concluded that the most important thing for any diet is that people stick with it. And you must burn more calories than you take in no matter what you eat.
 
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​SHIRLEY GRIFFITH: Some people are unable to lose weight through diet and exercise, no matter how hard they try. Others are just not willing to put in the effort. Many of these people choose to have surgical operations to reach their weight loss goals.
 
One kind of weight loss surgery reduces the size of the stomach. This is done by separating the stomach into two parts, including a very small section at the top. People who have had this operation are forced to eat smaller amounts of food because their top stomach fills up much faster. Research suggests that most people lose about half of their overweight pounds in the first year after surgery. However, a large number of people regain the weight in three to five years.
 
BOB DOUGHTY: Another report suggests similar results for a different popular weight loss surgery. Liposuction has been widely used since the nineteen seventies to improve the body’s appearance. It improves body shape by removing fat from certain parts of the body. The most common areas are the stomach, waist, hips, thighs, neck and arms. The International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery says liposuction is the most popular form of cosmetic surgery worldwide.

Recently, researchers at the University of Colorado School of Medicine found that the effects of the surgery may not be long-lasting. They said people who have liposuction usually experience weight gain within one year after the surgery. And the fat that comes back reappears in a new area of the body, most noticeably the shoulders, arms and upper abdomen. The researchers say this is one more reason to try to prevent obesity before it happens.
 
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SHIRLEY GRIFFITH: This SCIENCE IN THE NEWS was written and produced by June Simms. I’m Shirley Griffith.
 
BOB DOUGHTY: And I’m Bob Doughty. Join us next week for more news about science in Special English on the Voice of America.