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June 4, 2012: Actress Betty White touches the lips of her wax figure during the unveiling at Madame Tussauds Hollywood. (BRET HARTMAN / REUTERS)

Egypt’s travesty of justice with Hosni Mubarak

By Editorial Board, Published: June 5  The Washington Post

FROM START to finish, the prosecution of former Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak offered a textbook example of how not to handle a deposed dictator. Mr. Mubarak is likely culpable for crimes of corruption and of human rights. But the charges brought against him were vague and poorly substantiated, and the trial itself was chaotic and preemptory. The verdict, delivered Sunday, was a final travesty that has served only to further polarize Egypt.

Mr. Mubarak and his former interior minister were found guilty of failing to prevent the killing of protesters; they were sentenced to life imprisonment. But six police officials more directly responsible for the deaths were acquitted, and Egyptian legal experts predicted that Mr. Mubarak’s sentence would be reversed on appeal. Confined to a military hospital for most of the past 16 months, the 84-year-old former president was forced to move into a less comfortable prison clinic, but he may not be there for long.

His trial was less a serious judicial exercise than a smokescreen thrown up by the military council that removed him from office. The generals who once reported to Mr. Mubarak now desperately seek to preserve their power, despite a promised transition to democracy, and to avoid being held accountable for their own crimes. Mr. Mubarak’s prosecution was meant to defuse the popular demand that the old regime be held accountable while obstructing it in every meaningful sense. An equally farcical trial of U.S.-backed pro-democracy activists is the other side of this strategy; it is due to resume in Cairo on Tuesday.

Egyptians who demanded Mr. Mubarak’s trial in demonstrations last year played into the regime’s hands. They would have done better to recognize that only a democratic government and a purged and reformed judiciary would have the legitimacy and the will to conduct a thorough and fair proceeding. Even then, prosecution of the aged former leader should have been balanced against the need for political reconciliation. As it is, the backlash against the revolutionaries is boosting the reactionary presidential campaign of Mr. Mubarak’s former prime minister, while other entrenched Arab governments are brandishing photos of the former Egyptian ruler in a courtroom cage as they refuse to compromise with opponents.

Mr. Mubarak at least avoided the fate of Saddam Hussein, whose squalid execution followed an equally rushed and unsatisfactory trial. But his legal ordeal may not be over. The presidential candidate of the Muslim Brotherhood has promised to retry him if elected, and to keep him in jail “forever.” Arguably the author of decades of political repression deserves little better; but such political prosecutions only weaken the cause of a democratic rule of law in Egypt.

Korean women seek reparations, apology for their use as sex slaves by Japan's WWII-era military. Paula Hancocks reports.

미국공영방송 NPR (24시간)

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Chris O'Meara/AP

Nationwide, home sales are up, mortgage rates are down and in many places, owning a home is as attractive as renting for the first time in years.

For generations, owning a home has been a key part of the lifestyle most Americans aspire to. But when the mortgage crisis exploded in 2007, it brought down the U.S. housing market — and the entire economy along with it.

The ensuing recession was an assault on the American dream of homeownership itself. The tidal wave of foreclosures, the crash in home prices and tighter lending standards have left some Americans unable or simply too nervous to buy a house.

In the wake of the housing crisis, a flurry of media coverage has trumpeted how Americans are rethinking homeownership. Pundits asked, "Is renting the new owning?" and a September 2010 Time magazine cover proclaimed, "Why owning a home may no longer make economic sense."

But has renting become "the future of home-dwelling" in America, as one cable news reporter posited?

As Mortgage Rates Fall ...

Monthly rates, in percent, for fixed 30-year mortgages

Notes

May 2012 figure is for the week of May 31.

Source: Freddie Mac

Credit: Nelson Hsu / NPR

In a word: no.

Five years after the market crash of 2007, the desire to own a home is actually very much alive and well. In a recent poll of likely voters by the Woodrow Wilson Center, 84 percent of respondents said homeownership today is just as important as or more important than it was five years ago. Ninety percent still think homeownership is part of the American dream.

'Living The Dream'

At a kitchen table in the Boston suburb of Sharon, Mass., 11-month-old Lilah Medeiros is eating mashed potatoes and making elephant sounds. Her parents, Jared and Emily Medeiros, are in their mid-30s. Both work in a museum, and both are first-time homebuyers.

Is It Cheaper To Rent Or Buy?

In 1989, the annual cost of owning an average home nationally was nearly double the cost of renting an average apartment, as shown in the index below. Now, the costs of owning and renting are nearly the same, according to the index compiled by MIT economics professor William Wheaton.

Notes

Actual costs vary by market. The payment/rent ratio is derived by multiplying the mortgage interest rate times the average house price, then dividing that by the average apartment rent. The index does not account for the "opportunity cost" of making a down payment on a home (as opposed to investing the money), and also assumes no house appreciation and no interest deduction.

Source: MIT Center for Real Estate

Credit: Alyson Hurt / NPR

"We got a nice front yard, backyard, side yard — two side yards," Jared laughs about the family's new digs.

Emily loves the family's new space. "[Jared] does some woodwork stuff. He can do his projects on the weekends, and I can do some gardening," she says.

"I do feel like we are living the dream. We've said it a couple times since we bought the place," she adds. "This is what you always picture — having the space to do this stuff — and now we do."

Around the country, young families like the Medeiroses are buying homes or condos in the city as well as the suburbs.

That desire to own a home, and one's own piece of land, has deep roots in the American psyche.

A Dream With Deep Roots

The term "American dream" became popular in the 1930s, says Bob Shiller, a housing economist at Yale. "But I associate it with the suburban movement that developed after World War II," he says.

"To me, homeownership at that time represented kind of a community spirit. We have neighbors, we like our neighbors, we're active in the community," Shiller says.

The American tradition of actively encouraging home- or farm ownership dates back even further, he says.

"That was the real American dream — [owning] your own farm. So we had the Homestead Act in the 1860s that made it possible for anyone with modest means to buy a farm," he says.

Still earlier, the French historian Alexis de Tocqueville noted the importance of homeownership in his book Democracy in America, published in the 1830s and based on his travels around the country.

"He noticed the independent streak of Americans and their desire to own their own farm and their own home," Shiller says. "He thought that that represented a kind of anti-feudal feeling — that each person in this country is an independent agent. There is no landlord or lord with his thumb on you."

That American dream arguably became pretty warped during the housing bubble. Buying a house meant making big money fast. There was a frantic rush to buy as prices rose, and McMansions sprang up as people used the equity in their homes to move into bigger houses than they needed.

"It was a different spirit," Shiller says of the boom times. "It was not the same American dream."

Buying More Attractive Than Renting

 

Chris Arnold/NPR

Jared and Emily Medeiros purchased their Sharon, Mass., home when they realized it had become more affordable to buy than in recent years.

Today, some might argue that people like Jared and Emily Medeiros are returning to something healthier. The homes on their street in Sharon are well-kept but modest. Many are ranch houses, spread out with nice, big backyards. There are no new McMansions in this neighborhood.

"Most of these ranches were all built in the '50s, so it's ... like a turnover right now," Jared says. "Either the people are moving to Florida or dying or selling their house. And a lot of couples our age with kids, first-time homebuyers, are buying up all the houses around here. You can totally see it. Just lots and lots of families."

The couple says they didn't buy expecting to get rich from rising home values. They simply did the math and decided that, by owning, they could get a lot for their money right now.

The couple paid around $250,000 for their home — less than they would have paid a few years ago for a nice house not in need of major repairs.

Home prices are down about 30 percent on average nationally. Interest rates are super low, while rents are rising.

"We're almost at a historic opportunity, in terms of the cost of owning relative to renting," says William Wheaton, an economist at MIT. "It's hard to think of a time in the last ... two or three decades when it's been as good to buy as right now."

Public Policy A Key Factor

Still, Wheaton says, many of the financial benefits of owning a house are a result of government policy. The government has a hand in making mortgages available and affordable, in part through the mortgage interest deduction for homeowners. Those kinds of incentives are a big reason that 65 percent of Americans own their homes.

The opposite is true in countries with different policies. Switzerland, for example, has the lowest homeownership rate in the developed world, Wheaton says.

More In This Series

How Homes Structure The American Dream June 3, 2012

Sizing Up The American Dream

In the diverse U.S., the idea of "the American dream" means different things to different people.

On The Economic Ladder, Rungs Move Further Apart

In recent decades, the dream of economic mobility has faded for many Americans.

That's not because the Swiss particularly love renting, he says. It's just that the economic incentives in that country push them toward it. The tax structure there favors renting: It's easy to get long-term rental leases, and loans are harder to get.

As a result, "only 35 percent of the population of Switzerland owns their home," Wheaton says. "And Switzerland is a very affluent little enclave."

The relationship between policies and behavior should be of interest to American policymakers. Over the next few years, Congress will be restructuring the government's role in the housing market. Those changes could have a significant impact on that key element of the American dream: owning one's home.

What a hectic day it was today! I've been up to my ears in work. I'm leaving now and will have a can of beer at home. Usually I go home after 9 p.m. Today I'm leaving early. This morning at home, as usual, I prayed to God for 30 minutes, exercised for 1 hour, took a shower, and had a big breakfast. I also exercised for about 30 minutes at work during the daytime. Thank God for this wonderful day.

Pyongyang, North Korea (CNN) -- For just a moment we can hardly believe what is happening.

The boyish leader takes a step towards the microphone, the massed ranks of the huge army he commands poised before him. And then he speaks.

The adoring crowd who have been chanting his name falls silent.

Kim Jong Un, not yet 30 years old, appears slightly nervous. His voice doesn't waver but his body moves back and forth restlessly and his eyes dart around. If his nerves betray him slightly, his words stay strong.

He stands atop the shoulders of the men who have gone before him, his grandfather and father. Directly below him hang the huge portraits of the man North Koreans call the Great Leader, Kim il Sung, and his son the so-called Dear Leader, Kim Jong Il.

North Korea marks founder's 100th birthday

The third generation of the Kim dynasty pledges to build on his family's legacy. But already, just with this speech, he is veering from their path. It is something his father never did. North Koreans I speak to say they can't recall ever hearing his voice.

North Korea hears from Kim Jong Un

North Korean parade shows off missile

To be here now is "the greatest gift I have received in my life," one man says.

Kim Jong Un is speaking to two audiences: his people and the outside world he stands apart from. The newly-crowned Supreme Leader has a vowed to try to unite the fractured Korean nation, still separated after more than half a century.

"We have suffered the pain of separation for nearly 70 years," he declares. "We have lived as one people on the same land for thousands of years to suffer like this is heartbreaking.

"Our party and our government will work with anyone who truly wants reunification."

But this is not a day for talk of peace. This is a military parade with all the menace this isolated nation can muster. To North Koreans this says they can defend themselves.

To their enemies, especially the United States, there is a deadly message.

"Our military has become a powerful military able to handle any kind of modern warfare, with complete offensive and defensive capabilities," Kim says.

"The foreign powers are not the only ones with monopoly on military supremacy, and the days of their threatening and lying to us with atomic weapons is forever gone."

It is 100 years since the birth of the founding father of the nation, Kim il Sung. Installed as leader by Russia in 1945 after the liberation and the separation of North and South Korea, he is still revered as a freedom fighter and hero.

To honor his birthday, the military, one of the largest on earth, shows off its arsenal. Soldiers -- men and women -- goose step with precision, while columns of tanks bearing the message "we will smash the United States imperialists" roll across the great parade square.

The latest hi-tech weapons then follow, including drones and missiles that could potentially strike targets thousands of miles away.

This is an army battle ready, a country still technically at war and soldiers determined to follow any order.

"With the strategy of the Great Leader Kim Il Sung, the dear Kim Jong il and Kim Jong Un, and with our bombs and weapons, we will destroy them," a group of soldiers tells me.

In North Korea the army comes first, no expense spared. While it shows off its guns to the world, many people go hungry. The military is well fed, but aid agencies say the country's rural population suffers from chronic malnutrition and stunted growth as they scrounge for food.

In a rare concession, Kim says this regime will not allow people to suffer any more -- as close as he could get to admitting the government had failed the people in the past.

"Our fellow citizens, who are the best citizens in the world, who have overcome countless struggles and hardships, it is our party's firmest resolve not to let our citizens go hungry again," he says.

Across the capital, people watching on are alive to this moment. When I approach one group and merely mention the name Kim Jong Un they explode into chants and loud clapping.

One man beaming at our camera says, "we want to tell the world how proud we are to have such a man to lead us."

Kim has inherited the power, adulation and responsibility few people could possibly be prepared for.

The world is watching and wondering if he will be different from his forefathers and whether he will even survive.

When the parade passes, Kim will face the reality of ruling this poverty-stricken, pariah state.

05/29/2012

BOB DOUGHTY: I’m Bob Doughty.

MARIO RITTER: And I’m Mario Ritter with EXPLORATIONS in VOA Special English.  In the early eighteen hundreds, traveling in the United States was dangerous.  Business and trading were limited.  Then came the waterway called the Erie Canal.  It helped build America. 

(MUSIC)
 
BOB DOUGHTY: Two adventurers recently traveled the more than five hundred eighty kilometers of America’s Erie Canal in kayaks.  Then the two, Richard Harpham of Britain and Glenn Charles of the United States, paddled into the Hudson River to complete their trip to the Statue of Liberty in New York City. 
 
They piloted their light, small boats more than eight hundred kilometers in about twenty-one days.  That time also included stops for cultural and historic activities along the way.
 
The event was called "the New York State Spare Seat Expedition." Harpham and Charles invited others to join them for parts of their travels.  The “guests” rode in the additional seat in the boats.  Many kayaks have a single seat.
 
MARIO RITTER: The two men call themselves “expeditionary kayakers” – explorers on the water.  One goal of their trip was to honor the struggles that built the Erie Canal.  It became America’s first national waterway in eighteen twenty five. 
 
At that time, the Erie Canal crossed the state of New York from the city of Buffalo on Lake Erie to Albany and Troy on the Hudson River.  The Hudson River flowed into the Atlantic Ocean at New York City. So the canal joined the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean. The canal made New York City a major port.

The difficulty of traveling through the Appalachian Mountains had kept many people from going West.  The mountains also prevented people in the West from sending their wood and farm products east.   But the canal overcame the natural barrier of those mountains.  It helped open the American West.  The Erie Canal made the United States a richer and stronger young nation.
 
BOB DOUGHTY: Politicians, businessmen, farmers and traders had talked about creating a canal connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean for one hundred years. A lawyer and politician named De Witt Clinton finally succeeded in getting the canal built.
 
As early as eighteen nine, Clinton saw the need for the canal.  Then he had to defend his idea against people who laughed at him.  Some critics called the canal “Clinton’s Folly” -- a stupid project.  In eighteen twelve, the federal government rejected a proposal to provide money for the canal. 
 
But five years later, the New York State legislature provided more than seven million dollars for the project.  The lawmakers named Clinton to head a committee to supervise the development of the canal. De Witt Clinton was elected governor of New York that same year.
 

A barge traveling through Rochester, New York, on the Erie Canal sometime between 1900 and 1906

 

​​MARIO RITTER: The Erie Canal was five hundred eighty-four kilometers long, more than eight meters wide and one and one-half meters deep.  It could not have been completed without the hard and dangerous labor of many workers.  Historians say about one-third of the workers had recently moved to the United States from Ireland. They received about fifty cents a day for building the Erie Canal.
 
The men used explosives to break the rocky earth.  Many workers were injured.  Many were infected with the disease malaria.  Twenty-six workers died of smallpox.   Some were buried in unmarked graves along the canal. 
 
(MUSIC)
 
BOB DOUGHTY: Big guns were fired in October, eighteen twenty-five in Buffalo, New York.  The cannons were part of a celebration to observe the completion of the Erie Canal.  Governor De Witt Clinton and his wife left Buffalo on a barge called the Seneca Chief.  The boat moved at the rate of less than five kilometers per hour.  It reached the Hudson River nine days later. To mark the arrival, Governor Clinton dropped some water from Lake Erie into the Hudson River. 
 
MARIO RITTER: Within ten years, the Erie Canal had repaid the cost of building it.  Transportation of products by canal was less costly than other methods.The waterway carried barges.  Most of these boats had flat bottoms for carrying goods.  The barges measured up to twenty-four meters long and about four and a-half meters wide.
 
Mules and horses on land pulled the barges through the canal using ropes.  Eighty-three devices called locks raised the barges on the canal by more than one hundred seventy meters from the Hudson River to Lake Erie.  Men and animals worked hard to pull the barges. 
 
BOB DOUGHTY: Over time, the canal grew.  Many improvements were made between eighteen thirty-five and eighteen sixty-two.  But a few years later, the canal began to lose importance.  Trains were becoming an easier and more profitable way to transport goods.
 
As the Erie Canal was losing business, some of its levees began to break.  Levees normally hold back the water, preventing floods.  The breaks damaged the towpaths next to the canal and stopped travel.
 
Age or heavy rains often caused the levees to break.  But the breaks were not always an accident.  Forestport, New York, had been suffering from the closing of businesses.  Then, in the last years of the eighteen hundreds, several area levees broke under suspicious conditions.
 
MARIO RITTER: Breaks in the levees should have been bad news for Forestport.  Difficult repairs were needed.  But few people in the town seemed sad about the breaks.  Instead, many were pleased.  Almost two thousand men were brought in to repair the damage.  That was more than the normal population of Forestport.
 
People crowded into places to eat, drink and play games of chance.  The town had money again. Life became as profitable and wild as it had been during the best days of trade on the canal.
 
BOB DOUGHTY: The administration of New York Governor Theodore Roosevelt grew suspicious.  Officials investigated.  State officials charged several men from Forestport with plotting to damage canal property. 
 
Michael Doyle is a newspaper reporter who writes about legal issues for California newspapers.  In two thousand four, he published a book called “The Forestport Breaks.”  For the book, he did research about his ancestors who had lived in Forestport.  Mr. Doyle said he learned that his great-grandfather took part in the wrongdoing.
 
At the beginning of the story, a farmer sees water flooding over a levee in Forestport.  He warns local officials.  His warning prevents more severe damage. But some of the townspeople give no praise to the farmer for his action.  Instead, Mister Doyle writes that they want to kill him.
 
(MUSIC)
 
MARIO RITTER: By nineteen-oh-three, some businesses were pressuring New York to build a whole system of canals.  These people did not want the railroads to completely control the transport of goods.  So the state formed the New York State Barge Canal System in nineteen eighteen.  The Erie Canal became the largest part, linked to three shorter canals.
 
The canal system stayed busy until nineteen fifty-nine.  At that time, the United States and Canada opened the Saint Lawrence Seaway.  This waterway permitted ocean ships to sail up the Saint Lawrence River and through the Great Lakes.  The Erie Canal lost a lot of its business.
 
BOB DOUGHTY: But the Erie Canal and the other parts of the New York canal system got help.  In nineteen ninety-one, people who cared about the historic canal held a big public event.  The group is called Erie’s Restoration Interests Everyone.  It made the same trip that had celebrated completion of the Erie Canal in eighteen twenty-five.
 
As Governor and Missus Clinton had done, the group traveled from Buffalo, New York to the Hudson River.  A man playing the part of De Witt Clinton dropped water from Lake Erie into New York Harbor.
 
A few days later, citizens voted to take measures to re-develop the canal system.  Today, barges still use the system to transport heavy goods.  One estimate says the canal system carries more than four hundred thousand tons of goods each year.  More than one hundred fifty thousand pleasure boats also use the system each year.
 
MARIO RITTER: Today, an area called the Canalway National Heritage Corridor contains parts of the Erie Canal of the eighteen hundreds.  You can walk, run or ride a bicycle in this area. 
 
You may want to be adventuresome and paddle along in a small boat, like Harpham and Charles.  Or, you can take a historic Erie Canal boat trip. Thousands of people do this every year. 
 
The boat moves slowly along the water.  You listen to guides tell about the animals and the men who pulled the barges.  And, musicians play songs of the days when the Erie Canal was helping a young nation grow.
 
(MUSIC)
 
BOB DOUGHTY: This program was written by Jerilyn Watson and produced by Mario Ritter. I’m Bob Dougthy.
 
MARIO RITTER: Join us again next week for EXPLORATIONS in VOA Special English.